The ADKAR® change management model for farmer profiling with regard to antimicrobial stewardship in livestock production
- M. A. M. Houben
- N. Caekebeke
- A. van den Hoogen
- M. Ringenier
- T. J. Tobias
- F. J. Jonquiere
- N. Sleeckx
- F. C. Velkers
- J. A. Stegeman
- J. Dewulf
- M. Postma
Abstract
Antimicrobial stewardship in veterinary practice and animal production is important from a One Health perspective. The ADKAR® change management model is a well-known strategy to implement behavioral change in people and small businesses. The objective of this study was to adapt the existing ADKAR® change management model to enable herd veterinarians to profile farmers with regard to antimicrobial stewardship. Therefore, an antimicrobial stewardship related scoring scale was defined. Subsequently, ADKAR® profiles of 26 poultry and 28 pig farmers from Belgium and the Netherlands were determined. For 57% of the farmers, perception and/or motivation were expected to limit successful change. For 70% of the farmers, knowledge and for 52% of the farmers, a lack of ability were the limiting factor. The ADKAR® model proved useful for identifying the key elements that prevent successful behavioral change in farmers to reduce the use of antibiotics in farm animals.
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